Research Finds Firstborns Gain the Higher I.Q.
Well, I’m the exception on the rule I suppose:
The eldest children in families tend to develop higher I.Q.’s than their siblings, researchers are reporting today, in a large study that could settle more than a half-century of scientific debate about the relationship between I.Q. and birth order.
The average difference in I.Q. was slight — three points higher in the eldest child than in the closest sibling — but significant, the researchers said. And they said the results made it clear that it was due to family dynamics, not to biological factors like prenatal environment.
Researchers have long had evidence that firstborns tended to be more dutiful and cautious than their siblings, and some previous studies found significant I.Q. differences. But critics said those reports were not conclusive, because they did not take into account the vast differences in upbringing among families.
Three points on an I.Q. test may not sound like much. But experts say it can be a tipping point for some people — the difference between a high B average and a low A, for instance. That, in turn, can have a cumulative effect that could mean the difference between admission to an elite private liberal-arts college and a less exclusive public one.
Strangely, up until a certain age - 12 years - the younger siblings are more intelligent than their elderls. After this age, however, the situation changes. The question is why? Why are the oldest more intelligent - on average - than the youngest siblings?
One possibility, proposed by the psychologist Robert Zajonc, is that older siblings consolidate and organize their knowledge in their natural roles as tutors to junior. These lessons, in short, benefit the teacher more than the student.
Another potential explanation concerns how siblings find a niche in the family. Some studies find that both the older and younger siblings tend to describe the firstborn as more disciplined, responsible, high-achieving. Studies suggest — and parents know from experience — that to distinguish themselves, younger siblings often develop other skills, like social charm, a good curveball, mastery of the electric bass, acting skills.
If we just ignore the IQ part, I do recognize myself in the description of the youngest one(s):
This kind of experimentation might explain evidence that younger siblings often live more adventurous lives than their older brother or sister. They are more likely to participate in dangerous sports than eldest children, and more likely to travel to exotic places, studies find. They tend to be less conventional than firstborns, and some of the most provocative and influential figures in science spent their childhoods in the shadow of an older brother or sister (or two or three or four).
If I look at my own situation, I think that my sister was not very disciplined and did not value academic achievements much. In other words; I could distinguish myself from her, by doing well at school. She is more ‘homely’ and stable than I am though: she is perfectly happy taking care of the children, not living / traveling abroad, etc. I am the one who wants to travel, I am far more adventurous. Compared to my sister, I am also less stable - I constantly need something new, if I do not I get incredibly unhappy.
Furthermore - her strongpoint has always been that she is very social with people - people often call me charming, but she is the one people like. She is the compassionate and helpful one of the two. People often say that she is pure goodness (something of which no one has ever accused me of). She is the generous one, I am the greedy one. She is the compassionate one, I am the ‘tough’ and selfish one. She is the one who walks away from fights, I am the one who is looking for a fight every now and then. She is social one, I am the overly confident / arrogant one. On the other hand, I am a bit the clown of the family; entertaining everyone, making jokes and making a fool out of myself.
Lastly, I’d say, my goals are unconventional. From quite an early age, I was telling everyone who wanted to hear it that I would move to America, be successful there, marry a foreign woman, etc. My sister never said anything like that - she is happy where she is and wherever it is life will take her. She has never felt the drive to accomplish something ‘extraordinarily,’ I have always felt that I should do something that would distinguish me from the masses.
What are your thoughts on the article at the Times? Do you recognize your own situation in it?










I’ve done better in school than my sister, but I’m not sure that I’m necessarily any smarter. Our situation is a little more mixed than yours; my sister is both more social and more tough than I am. Your situation is more traditional in terms of gender roles. One thing I am curious about: Is your sister described as more politically liberal than you as well?
And what’s this about moving to America? I thought you weren’t going to do that after all (something about your girlfriend). Which strikes me as a bit ridiculous for an American studies scholar…but perhaps not necessary. After all, you can study cancer without having cancer.
Well, since I’m an only child it’s hard for me to relate. Overall though, 3 points is what I’d call statistically but not meaningfully significant. The difference between a B+ and A- is not due to g, it’s due to studying habits, asking for outside help, etc.
From a percentile perspective, it also matters what your IQs are. For instance, if you are at 100 and your sibling is 103, then the 3 points is roughly around a 8% increase, so you’d be in the 50th while your sibling as 58th. (The normal distribution goes 34.1%,13.6%,2.1%,0.1% when looking at standard deviations, and the standard deviation for IQ is 15 pts.) Of course, if you have an IQ of 115, then it’s only about a 4% increase, and after that it’d be completely negligible.
All in all, due to the way our system is set up, the only IQ level were 3 points matters that much relatively speaking is right around average, and most people with average IQs are not going to get by on that alone. Thus, I’m loathe to say the difference can explain anything from a social perspective and while I appreciate the knowledge from a scientific and one, I fear that the implied social determinism aspect is misguided and negative.
Ha, I couldn’t help but laugh that you chose “having cancer” as an analogy to moving to America, Alan!
My family situation in terms of intellect is almost reversed from the study results (putting modesty aside here: I’m the youngest of four LOL). Seriously though, I’d say that my brother (2nd born) and I are about tied in terms of intellectual interest and ability, with third born sister coming in right behind us and first born is the least intellectually inclined (not at all unintelligent, but just never was as interested in academics). She was probably the most adventurous though she’s settled down now. All of us really have a mixture- all fairly ‘domestic’ in that we value home and family, but also pursuing other interests and goals.
Mikkel,
I understand your concerns about social determinism, but you can also look at it from the perspective of learning why the results are the way they are. The first thing I thought of is that perhaps it has to do with the way parents interact with their firstborn. There’s often a difference in the amount of attention and time that the parents have available to their first, so perhaps they are reading to them more, spending more time assisting them with homework, and even just encouraging them by attending school functions. If those factors are true, then that’s the kind of take home information that could have the opposite effect of social determinism- it could demonstrate how this effect could be used to boost the IQ and achievements of the younger kids.
Perhaps I unwittingly was referring to some less than healthy practices here in the US….I’m put in mind of Tony Hendra’s book Father Joe, the Man Who Saved my Soul where he talks about coming to America and going from 170 lbs to 250 lbs, the result of “…America’s amber waves of gain”.
“…amber waves of gain”, I love it!
CS: yes exactly. Sorry I was using shorthand because I’m used to arguing with people where this is already implied. My concern is that all these studies tend to imply genetic/developmental determinism that can’t be changed. (Although this one was good because they specifically mentioned that it is entirely about upbringing.)
Of course, this brings up a plethora of questions, namely that more studious and conventional people tend to test better…so is the difference due to IQ at all or just how personality influences the test? They should control for this. (Also, they mention a specific hypothesis that it could be to the tutoring role…so they should control for people that are teachers, etc. to test this.)
I guess more than the determinism factor is the fact that the popular conception of science has been reduced to yet another “self help” phenomenon. It seems like most scientific articles I read in the newspapers are about “how to improve your life” or “this is why you are like you are” instead of provoking more serious questions like you first thought of.
I should also note that I find the determinism thing so troubling because many many people I know that are struggling with life attribute my success to my intelligence and say therefore they can’t possibly do anything close. This is in spite of the fact that some of them are borderline prodigies in music/working with mechanical things/interpersonal relationships etc.
The easy paths in the US are predominately based around intelligence and extroversion. I see a lot of gifted people flounder because they can’t work the system traditionally and they are completely dissuaded from trying other things because there are so many messages about how things are how they are due to external factors.
I just know I could have never gotten away with calling my sister “homely” I don’t care WHAT the context.
I’m the middle child of three and definitely the rover AND the one most academically minded (though I was not the best student when younger.) So my family certainly doesn’t fit the averages very well either.